Rottman v commissioners of police for the Metropolis

Rottman v commissioners of police for the Metropolis â€Å"Extradition search is lawful, lords say common law power is still available† The name of the parties are (appellant) commissioner of the police of the metropolis,(respondent) Mr. Michael Rottman . The judgment has been held in the house of lords. The judges on this were- Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, Lord Hoffmann, Lord Hope of Craighead, Lord Hutton and Lord Roger of Earlsferry. The barristers and solicitors in this case were, Mr. Perry, on behalf of the appellant and Miss Montgomery, for the respondent. The date of the judgment was 16th may 2002. MATERIAL FACTS- the respondent, Mr. Micheal Rottman , is a German businessman and was suspected of fraud in Germany. A court in Germany†¦show more content†¦In the Divisional Court Lord Justice Brooke said that in R v Governor of Pentonville Prison, Ex p. Osman Lord Justice Lloyd had said: Is there any difference between a warrant of arrest in domestic proceedings and a provisional warrant under section 6 of the Fugitive Offenders Act 1967? We can see none. His Lordship found it impossible to interpret Part II of the 1984 Act as providing any saving for the common-law power identified in Osman Parliament intended s. 18 to provide in codified form for the full extent of a constables power to enter and search premises after an arrest, for the purposes identified in that section, and intended it to be limited to police inquiries into domestic offences. His Lordship was satisfied that the common-law power of search which was identified in Osman was extinguished when Part II came into force. The police possessed no statutory power of entry and search without a warrant outside the four corners of the Act and the Act gave them no such power in an extradition context. The House of Lordss ratio However, in the Lords, Lord Hutton said that the Divisional CourtShow MoreRelatedRegina v Commisioner of the Metropolitan Police2798 Words   |  12 PagesStatus:   Positive or Neutral Judicial Treatment R. (on the application of Rottman) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis House of Lords 16 May 2002 Case Analysis Where Reported [2002] UKHL 20; [2002] 2 A.C. 692; [2002] 2 W.L.R. 1315; [2002] 2 All E.R. 865; [2002] H.R.L.R. 32; 12 B.H.R.C. 329; [2002] Po. L.R. 124; [2002] A.C.D. 69; Times, May 21, 2002; Independent, July 1, 2002; Official Transcript Case Digest Subject: Criminal procedure Keywords: Arrest; Extradition; PACE codes of practice;

Characteristics of Sociology Social Issues

Characteristics of Sociology Social Issues As per a recent study a majority Jews dwelling in Germany are worried about a growth in antisemitism. The gain in mass shootings throughout the USA has brought the matter of gun control into the spotlight as a social matter. Besides teen pregnancy, there are a huge number of important identified social issues in the USA today. It has turned into a social issue due to its increased domestic prevalence within the United States of america. Sociologists who study the building of social problems are interested in more than just the character of a problem and the harm that it might cause. Cultural assimilation doesn't guarantee social alikeness. A lot of studies support conclusions on either side of the problem, and, since funding gets scarce, the debate will intensify. Understand and explain the methods by which structural aspects like age, class, race and gender are associated with social troubles and issues. The Basic Facts of Soci ology Social Issues In years past your high school senior could graduate and go work at the neighborhood factory for the remainder of her or his life and create a great living. It is vital that children are conscious of these topics so they are in a place to understand the way their body works and are living in excellent harmony by using their entire body and soul. Coping with the many expectations of the society, including scoring well in college examinations, holding work, obtaining a decent social life and so on makes life tough for youngsters since they face the issue of time administration. Hence, life of a youngster may appear to be utterly spotless, but dig in the surface and you'll learn almost every individual has something or the other to be concerned about. You won't need to be worried about a thing because we exist to aid you out. Google has many exceptional characteristics to help you to find just what you're searching for. You're building an image of a social issue, and you will need to bring up every potential side of the story. When it may enhance their social life, it is exceedingly detrimental to their academic life and the majority of them may wind up failing. If only a few individuals are speaking out against it, then it isn't a social matter. Of these things, some are grouped among social justice problems that were experienced over years in the united states. It is not surprising that the problem has come to be a lot more visible in urban locations and over half of all homeless individuals reside in one of the nation's 50 largest cities. That global culture'' can be regarded as a portion of assimilation, which causes cultures from various regions to affect one another. Issues like homosexuality create a difference in how people react in society. Kantian ethics which is based upon the teachings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant implies that the notion of motive is the most crucial facet of verifying what's ethical. Describe the key theoretical perspectives utilized by sociologists in approaching social issues. The Hidden Truth on Sociology Social Issues When picking your social problems topic, try to remember that it's always much better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. Topics that are not stated explicitly are as essential as those that are stated outright. It is wise to pick a topic you can easily research on. Sadly, this taboo topic is extremely important to discuss. Utilize whatever you know to reveal your comprehension of the planet, and bring out good old philosophical theories. Yes, it's a totally different experience. It is very important to understand that not all things that take place in society are raised to the degree of social issues. Last, the way to solve the challenge had to require important innovation. The New Fuss About Sociology Social Issues Hate crimes are a developing issue especially in school settings due to the young populations which exist. The major needs to be selected at enrolment. India has a sizable migrant population. The Supreme Strategy to Sociology Social Issues In order to reduce costs and keep product prices down companies are made to outsource manufacturing to other nations. There are an assortment of methods people use to combat social troubles. In reality, the competition to receive a promotion can be fierce. Extreme advertising has produced a sort of brand loyalty where some individuals are coaxed into buying specific products dependent on the frequency of the adverts. The Little-Known Secrets to Sociology Social Issues Society must deal with the underlying issues which make children carry weapons. As a consequence, social issues can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, including that seen in the United States of america. The social justice issues can be classified beneath a list of social policy difficulties and social awareness difficulties. Social issues within this lesson is going to be defined as a health issue that every patient is going to have to evaluate based on their values, beliefs, and distinctive circumstance.

Ch 6 Elasticity Essay Example For Students

Ch 6 Elasticity Essay The price elasticity of demand coefficient measures buyer responsiveness to price changes The basic formulate for the price elasticity of demand coefficient is percentage change in quantity demanded/ percentage change in price The demand for a product is inelastic with respect to price if consumers are largely unresponsive to a per unit price change Which of the following is not a characteristic of the demand for a commodity that is elastic? D. The elasticity coefficient is less than one. The larger the coefficient of price elasticity of demand for a product, the D. smaller the resulting price change for an increase in supply. Most demand curves are relatively elastic in the upper left portion because the original price D. from which the percentage price change is calculated is large and the original quantity from which the percentage change in quantity is calculated is small. The price elasticity of demand of a straight line demand curve is A. elastic in high-price ranges and inelastic in low-price ranges A leftward shift in the supply curve of a product X will increase equilibrium price to a greater extent the D. more inelastic the demand for the product. The price elasticity of demand is generally A. negative, but the minus sign is ignored. For a linear demand curve D. demand is elastic at high prices the price of product X is reduced from $100 to $90 and, as a result, the quantity demanded increases from 50 to 60 units. Therefore demand for X in this price range D. is elastic If a demand for a product is elastic, the value of the price elasticity coefficient is B. greater than one A perfectly inelastic demand curve C. graphs as a line parallel to the vertical axis If quantity demanded is completely unresponsive to price changes, demand is A. perfectly inelastic A firm can sell as much as it wants at a constant price. Demand is thus B. perfectly elastic A demand curve which is parallel to the horizontal axis is B. perfectly elastic (price lower by one, quantity demanded increase by one) Refer to the above data. If this demand schedule were graphed, we would find that C. Its slope is constant throughout Refer to the above data. The price elasticity of demand is relatively elastic: A. in the $6-$4 range Refer to the above data. The price elasticity of demand is relatively inelastic: C. in the $3-$1 price range Refer to the above data. The price elasticity of demand is unity: B. in the $4-$3 price range only. Refer to the above data. Which of the following is correct? A. Although the slope of the demand curve is constant, price elasticity declines as we move from high to low price ranges. n which price range of the accompanying demand schedule is demand elastic? A. $4-$3 When the percentage change in price is greater than the resulting percentage change in quantity demanded C. an increase in price will increase total revenue Suppose the price elasticity coefficients of demand are 1.43, 0.67, 1.11, and 0.29 for products W, X, Y, and Z respectively. A 1 percent decrease in price will increase total revenue in the cases of A. W and Y. Suppose that the above total revenue curve is derived from a particular linear demand curve. That demand curve must be: A. inelastic for price declines that increase quantity demanded from 6 units to 7 units Suppose the above total revenue curve is derived from a particular linear demand curve. That demand curve must be: D. elastic for price increases that reduce quantity demanded from 4 units to 3 units. Suppose the above total revenue curve is derived from a particular linear demand curve. That demand curve must be: C. unit elastic for price increases that reduce quantity demanded from 5 units to 4 units. Which of the following statements is not correct? B. In the range of prices in which demand is elastic, total revenue will diminish as price decreases. In which of the following instances will total revenue decline? D. price rises and demand is elastic. If a firms demand for labor is elastic, a union-negotiated wage increase will: C. cause the firms total payroll to decline. The Illinois Central Railroad once asked the Illinois Commerce Commission for permission to increase its commuter rates by 20 percent. The railroad argued that declining revenues made this rate increase essential. Opponents of the rate increase contended that the railroads revenues would fall because of the rate hike. It can be concluded that: the railroad felt that the demand for passenger service was inelastic and opponents of the rate increase felt it was elastic. If a firm finds that it can sell $13,000 worth of a product when its price is $5 per unit and $11,000 worth of it when its price is $6, then: A. the demand for the product is elastic in the $6-$5 price range Suppose the price elasticity of demand from bread is 0.20. If the price of bread falls by 10 percent, the quantity demanded will increase by B. 2 percent and total expenditures on bread will fall. Refer to the above diagram which is a rectangular hyperbola, that is, a curve such that each rectangle drawn from any point on the curve will be of identical area. If this rectangular hyperbola was a demand curve, we could say that it would be: D. of unit elasticity throughout. Refer to the above diagram which is a rectangular hyperbola, that is, a curve such that each rectangle drawn from any point on the curve will be of identical area. In comparing the price elasticity and the slope of this demand curve we can conclude that the: D. slope of the curve varies, but its elasticity is constant. Gigantic State University raises tuition for the purpose of increasing its revenue so that more faculty can be hired. GSU is assuming that the demand for education at GSU is: D. relatively inelastic. If the demand for farm products is price inelastic, a good harvest will cause farm revenues to: B. decrease. Other things the same, if a price change causes total revenue to change in the opposite direction, demand is B. relatively elastic. If the price elasticity of demand for a product is unity, a decrease in price will D. increase the quantity demanded, but total revenue will be unchanged. in which of the following cases will total revenue increase? C. price rises and demand is inelastic. A manufacturer of frozen pizzas found that total revenue decreased when price was lowered from $5 to $4. It was also found that total revenue decreased when price was raised from $5 to $6. Thus, A. the demand for pizza is elastic above $5 and inelastic below $5. (Straight-line demand curve) Refer to the above diagram. In the P1P2 price range demand is: C. relatively elastic Refer to the above diagram. In the P3P4 price range demand is: B. relatively inelastic The total-revenue test for elasticity C. does not apply to supply because price and quantity are directly related. If the University Chamber Music Society decides to raise ticket prices to provide more funds to finance concerts, the Society is assuming that the demand for tickets is: C. inelastic The state legislature has cut Gigantic State Universitys appropriations. GSUs Board of Regents decides to increase tuition fees to compensate for the loss of revenue. The board is assuming that the: B. demand for education at GSU is inelastic. Which of the following is correct? C. If demand is elastic, a decrease in price will increase total revenue Suppose that the price of peanuts falls from $3 to $2 per bushel and that, as a result, the total revenue received by peanut farmers changes from $16 to $14 billion. Thus: B. the demand for peanuts is inelastic. Which of the following is correct? B. If the demand for a product is inelastic, a change in price will cause total revenue to change in the same direction. Refer to the above diagram. Total revenue at price P1 is indicated by area(s): B. A+B. Refer to the above diagram. If price falls from P1 to P2, total revenue will become area(s): A. B+D. Refer to the above diagram. The decline in price from P1 to P2 will: D. increase total revenue by D-A. Refer to the above diagram. In the P1 to P2 price range, we can say: D. that demand is elastic with respect to price. Refer to the above diagram. If price falls from $10 to $2, total revenue: D. falls from A+B to B+C and demand is inelastic. Refer to the above diagram and assume that price increases from $2 to $10. The coefficient of price elasticity of demand (midpoint formula) relating to this change in price is about: A. .25 and demand is inelastic. The demand schedules for such products as eggs, bread, and electricity tend to be C. relatively price inelastic. The elasticity of demand for a product is likely to be greater: B. the greater the amount of time over which buyers adjust to price changes. We would expect: B. the demand for Coca-Cola to be more price elastic than the demand for soft drinks in general. The narrower the definition of a product: A. the larger the number of substitutes and the greater the price elasticity of demand. The more time consumers have to adjust to a change in price: B. the greater will be the price elasticity of demand. The demand for autos is likely to be A. less price elastic than the demand for Honda Accords. Price elasticity of demand is generally A. greater in the long run than in the short run Which of the following generalizations is not correct? B. The price elasticity of demand is greater for necessities than it is for luxuries. (false) If price and total revenue vary in opposite directions, demand is D. relatively elastic. The demand for a luxury good whose purchase would exhaust a big portion of ones income is: D. relatively price elastic. The demand for a necessity whose cost is a small portion of ones total income is: C. relatively price inelastic. The price elasticity of supply measures how B. responsive the quantity supplied of X is to the changes in the price of X. The main determinant of elasticity of supply is the B. amount of time the producer has to adjust inputs in response to a price change. Suppost the supply of product X is perfectly inelastic. If there is an increase in the demand for this product, equilibrium price: D. will increase, but equilibrium quantity will be unchanged. Refer to the above table. Over the $6-$4 price range, supply is D. inelastic. Refer to the above table. Over the $8-$6 price range, supply is: A. inelastic Refer to the above table. Over the $10-$8 price range, the elasticity coefficient of supply is: C. less than 1. The supply of product X is elastic if the price of X rises by: A. 5 percent and quantity supplied rises by 7 percent. The supply of product X is inelastic (but not perfectly inelastic) if the price of X rises: D. 7 percent and quantity supplied rises by 5 percent. The elasticity of supply of product X is unitary if the price of X rises by B. 8 percent and quantity supplied rises by 8 percent. The supply of product X is perfectly inelastic if the price of X rises by: 10 percent and the quantity supplied stays the same. The above diagram shows two product supply curves. It indicates that: A. over range Q1Q2 price elasticity of supply is greater for S1 than for S2. It takes a considerable amount of time to increase the production of pork. this implies that: B. the short-run supply curve for pork is less elastic than the long-run supply curve for pork. Suppose that the price of product X rises by 20 percent and the quantity supplied of X increases by 15 percent. The coefficient of price elasticity of supply for good X is: C. less than 1 and therefore supply is inelastic. Refer to the above diagram and assume that price increases from $2 to $10. The coefficient of the price elasticity of supply (midpoint formula) relating to this price change is about: C. .25 and supply is inelastic. Refer to the above diagram and assume that price decreases from $10 to $2. The coefficient of the price elasticity of supply (midpoint formula) relating to this price change is about: D. .25 and supply is inelastic. The above diagram concerns supply adjustments to an increase in demand (D1 to D2) in the immediate market period, the short run, and the long run. Supply curves S1, S2, and S3 apply to the: C. long run, short run, and immediate market period respectively. The above diagram concerns supply adjustments to an increase in demand (D1 to D2) in the immediate market period, the short run, and the long run. In the immediate market period the increase in demand will: B. increase equilibrium price, but not equilibrium quantity. The above diagram concerns supply adjustments to an increase in demand (D1 to D2) in the immediate market period, the short run, and the long run. In the long run the increase in demand will: D. increase both equilibrium price and quantity The above diagram concerns supply adjustments to an increase in demand (D1 to D2) in the immediate market period, the short run, and the long run. On the basis of this illustration we can conclude that: C. supply is more elastic the greater the amount of time producers have to adjust to a change in demand. If the supply of product X is perfectly elastic, an increase in the demand for it will increase: B. equilibrium quantity but equilibrium price will be unchanged. Suppose the price of a product rises and the total revenue of sellers increases. D. No conclusion can be reached with respect to the elasticity of supply. Supply curves tend to be: B. more elastic in the long-run because there is time for firms to enter or leave the industry. For an increase in demand, the price effect is smallest and the quantity effect is largest: B. in the long-run. A supply curve that is vertical straight line indicates that: C. a change in price will have no effect on quantity supplied. A supply curve that is parallel to the horizontal axis suggests that: D. a change in demand will change the equilibrium quantity but not price. An increase in demand will increase equilibrium price to a greater extent C. the less elastic the supply curve. The supply of know Monet paintings is: B. perfectly inelastic. Refer to the above information and assume the stadium capacity is 5,000. If the Mudhens management charges $7 per ticket: C. there will be 1,000 empty seats. Refer to the above information and assume the stadium capacity is 5,000. The supply of seats for the game: C. is perfectly inelastic. Refer to the above information and assume the stadium capacity is 5,000. If the Mudhens management wanted a full house for the game, it would: C. set ticket prices at $5. Refer to the above information. Over the $11-$9 price range, demand is: C. elastic Refer to the above information. Over the $9-$7 price range, demand is: C. elastic Refer to the above information. Over the $7-$5 price range, demand is D. inelastic The supply curve of a one-of-a-kind original painting is C. perfectly inelastic. The supply curve of antique reproduction is A. relatively elastic If the income elasticity of demand for lard is -3.00, this means that: C. lard is an inferior good. The formula for cross elasticity of demand is percentage change in quantity demanded of X/percentage change in price of Y. Cross elasticity of demand measures how sensitive purchases of a specific product are to changes in: A. the price of some other product. The larger the positive cross elasticity coefficient of demand between products X and Y, the B. greater their substitutability. We would expect the cross elasticity of demand between pepsi and Coke to be positive, indicating substitute goods. We would expect the cross elasticity of demand between dress shirts and ties to be: D. negative, indicating complementary goods. (Vertical line; price of X, quantity demanded of Y) The above diagram suggests that: D. X and Y are independent goods. Compared to coffee, we would expect the cross elasticity of demand for B. tea to be positive, but negative for cream. We would expect the cross elasticity of demand for Pepsi to be greater in relation to other soft drinks than that for soft drinks in general because: C. there are fewer good substitutes for soft drinks as a whole than for Pepsi specifically. Refer to the above diagrams. The case of substitute goods is represented by figure: D (Price of C and Quantity of E Demanded; increase) Assume that a 6 percent increase in income in the economy produces a 3 percent increase in the quantity demanded of good X. The coefficient of income elasticity of demand is: D. positive and therefore X is a normal good. Assume that a 3 percent increase in income across the economy produces a 1 percent decline in the quantity demanded of good X. The coefficient of income elasticity of demand for good X is: A. negative and therefore X is an inferior good. Which type of goods is most adversely affected by recessions? B. Goods for which the income elasticity coefficient is relatively high and positive.

The Importance of Literature free essay sample

Even though the books would be burned physically, the words and stories the books contained would live on inside her! The fact that this woman died with her book shows Montag that books must have something special that the government doesnt want them to know about. It also shows how important books are, even though today we seem to take them for granted. 2. Quote: â€Å" ‘Its not just the woman that died,’ said Montag. ‘Last night I thought about all that kerosene Ive used in the past ten years. And I thought about books. And for the first time I realized that a man was behind each one of the books. A man had to think them up. A man had to take a long time to put them down on paper. And Id never even thought that thought before. ’ † (Bradbury 49) Explanation: Montag for the first time saw that he was not only destroying a Mangano 2 nonliving thing, but also destroying the person who wrote that book. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was destroying something that took maybe years and lots of thought and effort to make. He was destroying the author’s existence. Montag realized that maybe these books could help him solve his problems and figure out what to do with his life. This also shows how books arent just pages, but a man and his time, efforts, and thoughts written down for a purpose. Literature is important and has a purpose and Montag realizes here. 3. Quote: â€Å" ‘We must all be alike. Not everyone born free and equal, as the Constitution says, but everyone made equal. Each man the image of every other; then all are happy, for there are no mountains to make them cower, to judge themselves against. So! A book is a loaded gun in the house next door. Burn it. ’ † (Bradbury 55-6) Explanation: While it would be easier if everyone were the same, it wouldnt make everyone truly happy! It might trick them into thinking that theyre happy, like whats happened with the people in the book, but it wouldnt be sincere happiness. Also, theres only so much fun you can take before its not fun anymore. Too much fake happiness and forced fun can turn anyone suicidal and can make people kill, just like the kids did in the book. Books help people think about something for themselves and have their own opinion and thats why theyre illegal in this book because the government wants a bunch of drones, they dont want anyone to have their own opinion. . Quote: â€Å" ‘Colored people dont like Little Black Sambo. Burn it. White people dont feel good about Uncle Toms Cabin. Burn it. Someones written a book on tobacco and cancer of the lungs? The cigarette people are weeping? Burn the book. Serenity, Montag. Peace, Montag. ’ † (Bradbury 57) Mangano 3 Explanation: Books may raise anger, sadness and tears, or even happiness. The people in this book havent felt real or e ven any emotions about anything in their lives. The emotions they feel in their TV parlors are fake and have no root. They dont just talk anymore even if theyre husband and wife! Their lack of talking means lack of arguing or laughing and the law against reading books means they havent read a book and had emotions either. Also, books always have a purpose; whether its to explain how or why something works, share information about someone’s life, or entertain. White people may not like Uncle Toms Cabin, but it was written for a purpose! The cigarette people may be weeping over a book on tobacco and cancer of the lungs, but theyre upset by it for a reason! It makes them have their own opinion as well. 5. Quote: â€Å"Then he reached up and pulled back the grill of the air-conditioning system and reached far back to the right and moved still another sliding sheet of metal and took out a book. Without looking at it he dropped it to the floor. He put his hand back up and took out two books and moved his hand down and dropped the two books to the floor. He kept moving his hand and dropping books, small ones, fairly large ones, yellow, red, green ones. When he was done he looked down upon some twenty books lying at his wifes feet. † (Bradbury 63) Explanation: Montag had risked his job and really his whole life to steal these books! When he stole them he knew it was illegal and wrong to do as a fireman, but Montag knew there was something in books that might be worth it or at least worth the try. He felt he had nothing to loose. He just knew that books might somehow be able to help him. In the end he may have lost his wife and his house and his job, but they actually Mangano 4 saved his life as well. They saved him from the bomb in the city. 6. Quote: â€Å" ‘That woman, the other night, Millie, you werent there. You didnt see her face. And Clarisse. You never talked to her. I talked to her. And men like Beatty are afraid of her. I cant understand it. Why should they be so afraid of someone like her? But I kept putting her alongside the firemen in the House last night, and I suddenly realized I didnt like them at all, and I didnt like myself at all anymore. And I thought maybe it would be best if the firemen themselves were burnt. ’ † (Bradbury 64) Explanation: Montag realized that books must have some big importance if someone was willing to actually die for them. Montag also realized that he didnt want to be a destroyer of anything anymore, even if t meant giving up his job for something that might not really help him or be what he expected. There was no guarantee the books would help answer the questions Montag asked, but he stole the books anyway. Beatty was afraid of people who read because they had knowledge, their own opinion, and they could think for themselves. Knowledge is power, and the government wanted to be the only thing in that country with a uthority. 7. Quote: ‘Ive heard rumors; the world is starving, but were well fed. Is it true, the world works hard and we play? Is that why were hated so much? Ive heard the rumors about hate, too, once in a long while, over the years. Do you know why? I dont, thats sure! Maybe the books can get us half out of the cave. They just might stop us from making the same damn insane mistakes! I dont hear those idiot bastards in your parlor talking about it. ’ (Bradbury 70) Explanation: Books give Montag one last hope to figure out whats wrong, to Mangano 5 make himself and his wife truly happy for once. Books are important because they force you to think about yourself and your life. Books force you to look around at the world and see the harsh reality. They give you a bit of a wake up call, sometimes. Thats what Montag was forced to do the night the lady was burnt with her books and the day in the park when he first met Faber. Montag wants more than anything to not have to trust someone, but to find out for himself and with books he is able to do that. 8. Quote: ‘So now do you see why books are hated and feared? They show the pores in the face of life. The comfortable people want only wax moon faces, poreless, hairless, expressionless. We are living in a time when flowers are trying to live on flowers, instead of growing on good rain and black loam. Even fireworks, for all their prettiness, come from the chemistry of the earth. Yet somehow we think we can grow, feeding on flowers and fireworks, without completing the cycle back to reality. Do you know the legend of Hercules and Antaeus, the giant wrestler, whose strength was incredible so long as he stood firmly on the earth? ’ (Bradbury 79) Explanation: Books threaten everyone’s mask of happiness by putting a blinding spotlight on reality. Books can bring people to their senses and make them take a look in the mirror and see the true monster they have become. This is what Faber is trying to explain to Montag in this quote. . Quote: ‘What traitors books can be! You think theyre backing you up, and they turn on you. Others can use them, too, and there you are, lost in the middle of the moor, in a great welter of nouns and verbs and adjectives. ’ (Bradbury 104) Explanation: Books are useful and important because they make you think for Mangano 6 yours elf, which is the one thing Montag really craves. You also have the freedom to disagree with a book and have your own opinion. Beatty is too close-minded and brainwashed to understand that books dont have to always be right or in agreement with another book. The rest of the country are either too afraid to get a book and read it or dont care enough to try. 10. Quote: ‘I want you to meet Jonathan Swift, the author of that evil political book, Gullivers Travels! And this other fellow is Charles Darwin, and this one is Schopenhauer, and this one is Einstein, and this one here at my elbow is Mr. Albert Schweitzer, a very kind philosopher indeed. Here we all are, Montag. Aristophanes and Mahatma Gandhi and Gautama Buddha and Confucius and Thomas Love Peacock and Thomas Jefferson and Mr. Lincoln, if you please. We are also Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. ’ (Bradbury 144-5) Explanation: Montags wife, Mildred, earlier in the book had said, books werent people, but the quote above disproves that statement. Books can be people in a bunch of ways, whether its a biography, autobiography, or memorizing the book and becoming the ‘dust jacket’ like Granger said. The Book Thief: 1. Quote: â€Å"The book thief had struck for the first time the beginning of an illustrious career. † (Zusak 29) Explanation: This is the start of Liesels journey of learning and stealing as well. Shell learn how to read and use her words later on to become the word shaker. This Mangano 7 shows how sometimes books can be addicting. Once you start reading you get hooked and need more. Thats why steal in books became a career for her. It was because she couldnt just settle for one or two or even three books, she craved for more. 2. Quote: â€Å"They began to leave the scene of the crime, and the book was well and truly burning her now. The Shoulder Shrug had applied itself to her ribcage. † (Zusak 122) Explanation: The book was smoldering hot, but Liesel still took it from the dead fire. Liesel was willing to endure the pain of the book burning into her chest and the consequences she might get from her Papa or Mama if they found out she had taken it that night. She risked all this for a book because books gave her the ability to spend time with Papa and spend time in the basement both of which she loved. 3. Quote: â€Å"Where Hans Huberman and Eric Vanderburg were ultimately united by music, Max and Liesel were held together by the quiet gathering of words. † (Zusak 248) Explanation: Literature has the power to connect two people together. Music also can do this. Reading books bonded Liesel and Max jointly and started their friendship. Books not only connected Max and Liesel but also connected Liesel and the mayor’s wife. Later on reading books also gave Liesel a sense of purpose and usefulness. . Quote: â€Å"She didn’t dare to look up, but she could feel their frightened eyes hanging on to her as she hauled the words in and breathed them out. A voice played the notes inside her. This, it said, is your accordion. † (Zusak 381) Explanation: Although, Liesel was petrified she continued to read. It was a big step f or Liesel to continue, especially since the last time she tried to read in front of people she was too scared and not good enough. Reading during the raid also gave her a Mangano 8 sense of purpose and would afterward give her the opportunity to read for her neighbor, Frau Holtzapfel. Reading was Liesel’s accordion. It was her way of connecting to people around her and making them feel better, just like she did during the second and third air raid. She calmed everyone down by reading books to them and it got their mind off of where they were. 5. Quote: â€Å"And the girl goes on reading, for that’s why she’s there, and it feels good to be good for something in the aftermath of the snows of Stalingrad. † (Zusak 471) Explanation: Reading becomes a way for Liesel to help others. It gives Liesel a purpose and makes her feel accomplished, needed, and smart. Reading to her neighbor, Frau Holtzapfel, also got her family more of what it needed, especially since Liesel was paid in coffee and other items for reading to her. 6. Quote: â€Å"Liesel did not look back, but she knew that if she did, she’d have found her brother at the bottom of the steps again, his knee completely healed. † (Zusak 473) Explanation: She finally had healed the wounds she created inside herself when she burned with hatred and anger. She had forgiven herself for the things she had done and was ready to stop reliving her past and look toward the future instead. She had made things right with everyone. The books had helped her to this. 7. Quote: â€Å"She smiled and smiled, and when it all came out, she walked home and her brother never climbed into her sleep again. In many ways she would miss him, but she could never miss his deadly eyes on the floor of the train or the sound of a cough that killed. † (Zusak 473) Explanation: Both reading and time had healed her mentally and that’s what Mangano 9 stopped her nightmares from continuing. She also finally accepted the fact her brother died next to her while she was watching and that there was nothing she could’ve done to stop it. She was ready to move on from that time in her life, even though she knew she’d still always miss him. She just wouldn’t miss him haunting her at night anymore. 8. Quote: â€Å"She was still clutching the book. She was holding desperately on to the words who had saved her life. † (Zusak 499) Explanation: Writing and reading saved Liesel’s life both figuratively and literally. Just like her Papa, Hans Huberman, who was saved in his first war by having to read and write letters, reading and writing also saved Liesel. And just like what happened to Hans in that war, everyone around her died, but she was safe. 9. Quote: â€Å" ‘Max,’ she said. He turned and briefly closed his eyes as the girl continued. ‘There was once a strange, small man,’ she said. Her arms were loose but her hands were fists at her side. ‘But there was a word shaker, too. ’ † (Zusak 512) Explanation: When she read in the second and third air raid she was becoming the word shaker. Now seeing Max and where he was, she reminded him of that and of who he was. He wasn’t alone. His book had helped her realize that neither was she. 10. Quote: â€Å" ‘I thought if you’re not going to read any more of my books, you might like to write one instead. Your letter, it was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ She handed the book to Liesel with both hands. You can certainly write. You write well. ’ † (Zusak 523) Explanation: This is a turning point in Liesel’s career. Liesel goes from being the reader of a book to the writer of one. Reading books, like Liesel had, helps you write better and it gives you a broader pers pective on things around you. Liesel was obviously Mangano 10 a pretty good writer, and it was evident because of the way the mayor’s wife spoke to Liesel about it. Mangano 11 â€Å"Work Cited† Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon amp; Schuster Paperbacks, 1951. Zusak, Markus. The Book Thief. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China The WritePass Journal

Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China Chapter I Critical study of software copyright and piracy in China ABSTRACTChapter IIntroductionCHAPTER IILiterature review2.1 China`s background in copyright law2.2   Globalization and software piracy2.3   Culture and software piracy2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracyCHAPTER IIIMethodologyCHAPTER IVFinding and Discussion4.1 Finding 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices.4.2 Discussion CHAPTER VI5 CONCLUSIONReferences:Related ABSTRACT This study aim to demonstrate Chinese students’ attitude towards software copyright and piracy in China. This paper has selected a small group of Chinese student to evaluate their presumption and data were collected by using interview among this group. There are some factors which has a significant impact on piracy. Therefore, for finding out the validity and add extra elements in finding and discussion chapter will present new items which has a role in software piracy. Thus, this research has some limitation such as the number of sample and the matter of time. Hence, the result of this research cannot be valid. Chapter I Introduction In the past few years, there has been a doubt among the Chinese software users regarding the use of pirated software from the legal point of view. In addition to software users, anyone who is involved in the software copyright and piracy issues, is confronted with this question that if the pirate act is illegal or not (Croix Konan, 2002). Answering this question requires to consider the perception of each individual Chinese software users regarding the software copyright and piracy. Whereby, awareness of Chinese users in decision-making has a direct impact on their piracy behaviour in terms of using pirated software (Liang Yan, 2005). To explore how Chinese software users recognize the matter of software copyright and piracy it is crucial to understand the function of copyright and piracy protection law, In fact, copyright and piracy protection law are the subset of the intellectual property law (IP) which has been considerably enhanced in the recent years.   According to a definition provided by World Intellectual Property (WIPO, 2006) â€Å"intellectual property can be anything which creates by human mind such as, inventions, literary and artistic works†. On the other side, software piracy is opposite of the copyright law in which has increased along with the extension in popularity of internet in 1999 (Katz, 2005). Currently, China is under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement, which compels China to have transparency on intellectual property protection in terms of laws, regulations, administrative rules and judicial decisions (Panitchpakdi Clifford, 2002). Hence, this study places emphasis on Chinese student various perceptions regarding the software copyright and piracy. The next chapter will review the existing literature review and evaluate different point of views. Furthermore, it will emphasize on methodology chapter to illustrate the method of collecting data. Moreover, in finding and discussion chapter will demonstrate and analyse the information towards answering research question and finally will present conclusion. CHAPTER II Literature review 2.1 China`s background in copyright law From the historical point of view, for the first time, copy right law came into existence in ancient China and the creation of copyright in China was initiated by the innovation of printing by Bi Sheng in AD 1042. Moreover, compared to European countries the technique of printing had developed centuries earlier in China (Mertha, 2005). According to Martha (2005), in 1910, the first draft of author`s right was published and a number of punishments for unapproved use were established. WIPO (2006) state thatAfter the Cultural Revolution,in 1979 China entered into a new stage of modern legal system which contained the copyright structure and was an important step to connect to the outside world. Subsequently, as WIPO (2006) assert that â€Å"China has joined the world intellectual property organization in 1980†. Bently Sherman (2001) explained that copyright was originally intended primarily for the protection of authors, artists and composers to provide a legal foundation for the innumerable transactions by which they are paid for their work. Croix Konan (2002) explained that the first aim of copyright law is to provide the security for author`s right from abusing in illegal way.   World intellectual property organization (WIPO, 2006) defines â€Å"copyright† as legal point of view in order to maintaining creator’s right and securing his/her â€Å"work†. In addition, the term â€Å"work† is used by intellectual property law in various aspects such as; novels, poems, plays, databases and computer programs. Generally, copyright laws are executed diversely in different countries around the world (Marron Steel, 2000). For instance, The European Countries and North America have tough copyright laws and enforce them determinedly. Meanwhile, there are some countries which have determined copyright laws but their courts are unwilling to enforce them. Furthermore, there are developing countries in which their principles are based on Islamic patterns and do not have adequate laws in terms of copy right ( Marron Steel, 2000). From worldwide viewpoint, entering China to the global network has generated a massive capability in order to share and observe information through new approaches, especially byInternet (Croix Konan, 2002). However, in recent years, the international business society has mentioned that there has been a doubt regarding China`s malfunction towards limiting international property infringement (Mertha, 2005). 2.2   Globalization and software piracy Bently and Sherman (2001) assert that, the original concept of copyright is surrounded by boundaries’ inside of the state, Thus, the security of copyright protection will be in danger if it operates beyond the country and goes through the national world. Therefore, the fence would be break down by the development of globalization and establish copyright as boundless subject in international trade. Consequently, developed countries realize that it is crucial to make some alteration in enforcement of copyright protection across the national borders. Therefore, due to unexpected economic growth in China, it has become the main target of whole global copyright enforcement, such as US and the European Union (Halbert, 1997). IIPA (2006) declared that the progression of globalization transforms software copyright and piracy from internal issue to universal matter among countries. Furthermore, due to the fact that China has been faced with a huge amount of piracy, it has been constantly criticized by other countries regarding the lack of enforcement and ability to protect software copyright. 2.3   Culture and software piracy Mum (2003) argued that cultural differences is one of the most significant aspects that should be considered in China`s software copyright and piracy and has a main role on development copyright in China. From western perspective, individual’s freedom and benefits often put emphasis on public shared benefits. In contrast, as a traditional Chinese point of view, individuals are part of society and are obliged to present their creation and innovation to the community (Mum, 2003).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the two mentioned viewpoints, it can state that the eastern minds are totally different from western minds, regarding that in western society intellectual theft is not appreciated, meanwhile, it is a new concept to many Chinese. In addition, Yu (2001) pointed out that in traditional Chinese culture copying regarded as honourable and necessary fact. Husted (2000) stated that the rate of piracy in China has a great connection with cultural dichotomy of individualism and collectivism.   In addition, Marron and Steel`s (2000) found out that countries in which their principles is based on individualistic culture have a lower piracy rates comparing to the countries which have collectivistic culture. According to Wang, Zhang, and Ouyang (2005a) the correlation between pirated software purchasing and cultural subject in China is more expected to be engaged in the theft of software programs or sharing intellectual property. In fact, collectivist culture can be one of the great factors that might be the cause of the prevalence of software piracy in China. 2.4 The Chinese government, Communist ideology in software piracy Croix Konan (2002) argued that China`s government has been considerably attempting to change the legislation and policy making process in terms of prevent pirating.   For instance, China government closed 9 factories from 18 which were producing pirated software’s and presenting illegal Cd`s in domestic market. However, despite the considerable reforms by China government regarding the implement of copyright enforcement, there are some domestic factors which make the matter worse (Mertha, 2005). Lu and Weber (2008) explored that China government should consider about the economical and political environments of public and private dimensions of software copyright to cover external and internal challenges. In addition, Communism philosophy in which its main principal is based on everything belongs to society and people, rather than private owners has been existed in China since 1949. Consequently, Communist thought of copyright are fundamentally well-matched with traditional Chinese culture, because they support each other to shape Chinese people`s attitude in the direction of decreasing copyright protection. Overall, the literature review includes variety of research areas and identifies a group of structural factors relating to software copyright and piracy in China. Meanwhile, the literature review has some limitation, for example, it uncovers the behaviour element which is crucial in act of piracy, but it will be covered in finding and discussion chapter by interviewing from Chinese student. CHAPTER III Methodology Generally speaking, the nature of human beings has been always concerned about what is happening surround them. In order to understand their surroundings they began to search regarding their requirements which at least named research. According to Cohen et al (2007) research is a process of planning, executing and investing in terms to find answer to our specific questions. In addition, getting reliable answers needs an investigation in a systematic manner and will be easier for reader to understand. Achieving these ends requires research methods. In this study, the research philosophy is examined by interpretivism. Bryman Bell (2003) defined it as an epistemological position that enquires the social scientist to grasp the subjective meaning of social action. Furthermore, the inductive approach has undertaken to this study in terms of understand the nature of problem, by which, it enables researcher to take more information about the research. (Bryman Bell, 2003). Evaluating about philosophy and approach, now it should consider that the research method is done by mono method meaning that is qualitative and by the nature of it, has a great advantages for this research. It was chosen because the research approach was based on inductive methods and it requires an exploration of detailed in depth about data. Denzin Lincoln (2000) believed that using this method able researcher to explain, translate and otherwise come to the terms with the meaning. This study will carry out both primary and secondary research. The primary research will be examined by doing an interview based on semi-structured type from a group of Chinese student which will be within an age group of 22-28. The semi-structured interview was designed by some relevant questions in order to answer the research question, further information will be on (appendix 1). An interview has chosen as a method for primary research for the reason that it is one of the methods by which the human world may be explored, although it is the world of beliefs and meanings, not of actions that is clarified by interview research. Bryman Bell (2003) pointed out that interviewing provide a wide range of data collection. Thus, it helps researcher to find out how people regard situations from their point of view. In this research, because the emphasize is basically based on the area of   intellectual property law and as far as everyone are concerned, this field is extremely complicated and cannot be expressed in closed questions. Hence, semi-structured interviews have chosen because it has a great benefit for conducting this research. Moreover, it is based on an open-ended question. In addition, Bryman Bell (2003) argued that this approach can be used to gain different comments and offers the interviewer the chance to investigate an issue or service. In addition, it gives the interviewee an opportunity to share general views or their opinions in details. Apart from the benefits of this method, it has some disadvantages such as: it requires interviewing skill and need to have the skill to analyse the data. Furthermore, it should be done on sufficient group of people in order to make general comparison. Moreover, it is really time consuming and researcher should be able to ensure confidentia lly ( Saunders et al, 2003). It is crucial to mentioned that ethical concerns will emerge as the research planning starts. As Blumberg et al cited in Saunders et al (2007) argued that â€Å"ethics refers to the moral principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our relationship with other†. Furthermore, in order to ensure confidentiality, this research will only consider about the age of the Chinese students and will not emphasise on their name or their institute (see appendix 2). To answer the research question, Chinese student attitude is examined in order to explore how they perceive the issue of software copyright and piracy and with the aim of give the sense of security to interviewee at the first of interview it will mention that the process will be recorded to ensure the crucial information is not omitted from the note taking. Overall, in this study by using qualitative approach with semi-structured interview will prepare a suitable occasion in terms of collecting a great deal of information from Chinese student regarding their point of view about software copyright and piracy in their country. Furthermore, it is expected that 10 interviews will be conducted and the sample will just measured by their age and the interview will be carried out in person by the researcher on site at the University Of Sheffield. Moreover, information from interviews will be classified into coding and categories, which can be derived from research question and the literature. CHAPTER IV Finding and Discussion 4.1 Finding This chapter aims to answer the research question which was about Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy. To answer this question, this research is carried out by choosing a smaller society of Chinese users, namely Chinese students, in which their perception in terms of software copyrights and piracy in China will be examined. As it mentioned in methodology, in order to analyze the data, this research will categorize and coding the data which has conducted from Chinese student attitude, then it will examine the findings and discussion and finally will demonstrate the conclusion. The findings will categorized and coded by what interviewees mentioned regarding software copyright and piracy, for example, some of people express that the price of the copyright software`s are too expensive. Meanwhile, others pointed out that the general income of people in China cannot afford copyright products and on quarter of participants said that copyright products actual value does not deserve that high price. Therefore, this category named as cost with three subcategorized; price, income, value and coded as a software products. Secondly, half of the interviewee mentioned that pirated software`s are accessible and it can used them without any limitation, whereby, original software`s has the restriction of usage. Moreover, this opinion categorized by usability and accessibility of software products. Thirdly, from findings it can find out 9 of 10 participants disagreed with the culture as an element which has an impact on a software copyright and piracy. By contrast, in literature review in culture and software piracy some author`s were explained that culture has a considerable relation with software copyright and piracy. Furthermore, some interviewees expressed that some issues, for example, education or gaining knowledge should not consider as piracy, additionally,   using software`s for a personal need without any intention of using   in illegal way is not piracy. Finally, the item that generally accepted by applicant was China`s government, which they state that the main power who can enforce the copyright law and prevent piracy is government. Thus the first section was categorized by social development and cultural affect and the later section was grouped as Chinese government, which these two parts coded as a china development. To clarify the structure the complete codi ng frame is established in (Appendix 3). 4.1.1 Software products: cost, usability and accessibility Cost, usability and accessibility play critical roles in decision-making whether to use pirated software or not among Chinese student attitudes. Among all of discussions cost is consistently mentioned as a reason to choose pirated software. Therefore, three subject matter illustrates from which will evaluate by participants viewpoints. Generally speaking, first of all, was the cost to buy copyright software. As they state that buying original WINDOWS XP in China is really expensive. Secondly, because of high prices for software products most of the people especially students and low-income earners are not able to afford the price. Thirdly, they cited that the copyright software`s are not valuable comparing to their price, for instance, by installing WINDOWS XP, it requires anti-virus as well to protect is and this will cost an extra money and pirated software`s functions are same as original one`s. Thus, it is not valuable. It can assume that there is another side to disagree with their thought in terms of cost, if comparing the price of software product with other spending. Since they can tolerate with others spending, there is no reason to reject software prices. 4.1.2 China development:   Social development and Chinese government As it mentioned in literature review chapter there were two factors which also found by evaluating  Ã‚   Chinese student presumption toward software   copyright and piracy which is constantly, government policy and culture. Furthermore, participant conflicting views about those items and stating short words or sentences; it cannot provide valuable information about significant issues such as government policy and cultural affect. Therefore, in order to generalize their viewpoint it can state that, after Cultural Revolution in China and joining to the World intellectual property organization there has been a significant changes in terms of education, technology and the level of science through out of China (WIPO, 2006). Generally speaking, interviewees pointed out that the China government has the main power in order to prevent software piracy and change the policy towards enforcement of copyright law. Moreover, it can maintain that in spite of the power to enforce, why Chinese government does not really want to stop piracy. Furthermore, participants discussed that because of the matter of population and as China is among developing countries, government and authorities really feels the lack of knowledge and because they want to increase their literacy and awareness, they are not as strict as developed countries. 4.2 Discussion With the establishment of coding frame, this study will applies axial coding to make a connection between categories and sub categories. First, the participant’s perception develops from the issue which coded as software products with three subcategories.   In the category of software product user`s resistance focused on copyright software`s high cost and poor usability and accessibility. In contrast, user`s are likely to use pirated software which low cost and good usability and accessibility. On the other hand, the interviewee which protects software copyright law, refuse to accept cost and excuses for piracy use. Second, in the category of China development which was generally analysed, it can mention that   government policy in China is trying to educated and boosts the knowledge within the people, but this cannot be the reason to use piracy software’s or make author`s work invaluable. In other world, participants believe that Chinese government does not really want to limit piracy. Form their discussion it can find out government has a great interest in piracy regarding market economy. This study has found that in general Chinese student attitude towards software copyright and piracy mainly suffers from the phenomena which so-called Cost and the accessibility of pirated software’s. Furthermore, this paper has some limitation which will decrease the validity of this research, such as; the number of sample was not that much great to evaluate and examine the other perceptions, another item was the limitation of time, which was considerable for this research. Furthermore, it is suggested that copyright owners should lower down their retail prices of their products to the lower degree, by which, Chinese user`s be able to afford it. CHAPTER VI 5 CONCLUSION This study set out to examine how Chinese student are aware of software copyright and piracy in China. A small sample of Chinese student was selected to illustrate extra elements a part form literature review, which has significant role on using pirated software’s. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by Bryman Bell (2003). Overall in can conclude that, the fact that China started to play a more and more important role in today’s world and its development cannot be easily stopped or reversed. Therefore, like developed countries, China should redesign and change the software copyright law in order to minimize the amount of piracy in world. References: Bently, L, Sherman, B. (2001). Intellectual property law. New York: Oxford University Press. Blaxter,L, Hughes, C, Tight, M. (2001). How to research. (2 edn). Buckingham: Open University Press. Bryman,A, Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. Business Software Alliance. (2004). BSA and IDC global software piracy study. Retrieved January 28, 2005, from bsa.org/China/globalstudy Cohen, L, Manion, L, Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methodes In Education. ( 6 edn). London: Routledge. Croix, S. J., Konan, D. E. (2002). Intellectual property rights in China: The changing political economy of Chinese-American interests. The World Economy, 25, 759-788. Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gubrium, J. F., Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York: Oxford University Press. Halbert, D. (1997). Intellectual property piracy: The narrative construction of deviance. International Journal for Semiotics of Law, X (28), 55-78. International Intellectual Property Alliance. (2006). The 2006 special 301 report: People’s Republic of China. Retrieved August 28, 2006, from IIPA Web site: iipa.com/rbc/2006/2006SPEC301PRC.pdf Katz, A. (2005). A network effects perspective: On software piracy. University of Toronto Law Journal, 55, 155-160. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Lu, J., Weber, I. (2008). Chinese government and software copyright: Manipulating the boundaries between public and private. International Journal of Communication, 1, 81-99. Marron, D. B., Steel, D. G. (2000). Which countries protect intellectual property? The case of software piracy. Economic Inquiry, 38 (2), 159-74. Mertha, A. (2005). The politics of piracy: Intellectual property in contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.   Mum, S. H. (2003). A new approach to U. S. copyright policy against piracy in China. Symposium conducted at the 53rd Annual Convention of the International Communication Association, San Diego, California, United States. Nicol, C. (Ed.). (2003). ICT policy: A beginners handbook. Johannesburg, South Africa: Association for Progressive Communication. Panitchpakdi, S., Clifford, M. L. (2002). China and the WTO: Changing China, changing world trade. Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia). Saunders, s. Lewis, P. And Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students. Third edition. Pearson education limited. Wang, F., Zhang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005a). Software piracy and ethical decision making behaviour of Chinese consumers. Journal of Comparative International Management, 8(2), 43-56.   Wang, F., Zhang, H., Zang, H. Ouyang, M. (2005b). Purchasing pirated software: An initial examination of Chinese consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(6),340-51 World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Copyright and related rights. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from World Intellectual Property Organization Web site: wipo.int/about-ip/en/copyright.html Yu, P.K. (2001). Piracy, prejudice, and perspectives: An attempt to use Shakespeare to reconfigure the U. S.-China intellectual property debate. Working Paper Series, 38, Jacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies. Retrieved,October13,2006fromhttp://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=262530

Dissertation on Definition of Justice

Dissertation on Definition of Justice Dissertation on Definition of Justice Nandrea, Lorri â€Å"Having No Hand in the Matter,† in Ackley, Katherine Ann. Essays in contemporary culture, Mason OH: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print Justice emerged through evolution and advancement of the human civilization to solve the social standoff characterized by the archaic tooth for a tooth tradition of dispute settlement and gender discrimination only served the powerful. Greek philosophy and civilization expound clearly through mythical indulgence, the areas where the society was most affected by injustice and the most affected members of the society. Dispute settlement was replaced by the better version of resolution through a thorough interrogation of the circumstances surrounding each case. This huge departure from the former version eliminated vengeance in reasonable and civilized dispute clearance, ushering the era of justice. Responsibility of wrongdoing could not unnecessarily be apportioned under the new approach. Confusion and resistance of the new approach had a number of ways to be solved, including negotiating with hardliners of the conservative school of thought of the eye for an eye version of dispute set tlement. Agamemnon’s family surrounds the themes describing both the earlier and newer version of the civilization under justice development as featured in the works of many scholars specialized in gender studies. This discourse highlights Nandrea’s main points of justice through the evolution of the modern system as highlighted by Aeschylus touching on ancient Greek civilization in his trilogy of related plays. Justice As mentioned in the introduction of Nandrea’s essay (25), there is a theme of little surprise that women are presented in essay to be among the greatest victims the archaic justice systems. Perhaps, the author captures this theme well since she is a woman and her motivation as mentioned in the essay also arises from a renowned French dramatist who also pairs as a feminist. The feelings of the two personalities make important input in the development of the idea that gender imbalance characterized archaic justice systems which were ironically founded on injustice. It is perhaps worth to notice that the role of justice is not only to protect the marginalized groups of the society as demonstrated in the play by Aeschylus but also acts a tool for cohesion in the family as well as in the entire community (26). Ironically, the retraction and forced withdrawal of women in the justice archaic system is represented as the cause of the perishing of the mighty guardians of the same system, as Agamemnon was killed by his wife in vengeance of death of her daughter (27). While violence is not permitted at any cost in any clearly defined and established justice system, it is important to note one important aspect represented by arbitration in an efficient justice system. The author accounts for the treatment of the Furies as created by Aeschylus in a lenient approach to drive conscience and reasoning in their understanding of justice. Athena emerges to be the savior of the unjust society running on each other in an unending cycle of vengeance for the injustices committed. Strikingly, the goddess figure emerges as an important intervention in the ensuing commotion. Justice emerges later in the court process which the author identifies with an adjudication mechanism that the society can use to balance the equation of vengeance that seems to get out of hand without such a system. Criminal responsibility and other guilt attributes are allocated on grounds of a keen follow up of the circumstances and participation of individuals in crime. By painting the justice system based on factual follow up for crimes, it is clear that nothing can be ignored when the author states that â€Å"†¦though you walked away from the crime, we can still see the trace of your deed† (Nandrea, 30). Justice system appears to be a tight platform where punishment and deterrence are represented by law principles that guide the society . Justice follows evidence that is like a double edged sword; it serves in the same gusto in incrimination as it does in exoneration. Reliance on sufficient proof is a prominent tenet in the evolution of justice as it is in the modern day. Without follow up on evidence, it would be difficult to identify the guilty and dismiss the innocent in case there are uncertainties in the circumstances of a presenting challenge that involves criminal responsibility. The author represents this idea in an accurate imagery of the verso where the individual and his signature and identity are regarded to be similar before the law. The hand that acts in crime belong to the criminal can be followed up to reveal the actual criminal in the system which heavily relies on evidence as highlighted (29). Through disruptions of the system such as by tampering with the connection that the criminal had with a particular crime, the evidence is lost and it becomes difficult to deliver justice. The author uses the tag anonymity to highlight the loophole of the system based on justice since the link is lost between the act and the doer (31). Despite the sensitivity of the matters that touch on life of numerous people, there are cases of miscarriage of justice at higher levels of justice represented by greed for wealth that is also used to cover up responsibility. The author also highlights the complexity of the disruption by stating that â€Å"†¦there is no tragic hero, here, no guilty one to recognize his flaws; only systems which act anonymously, thousands of faceless victims and a generalized tragic condition in which the language of guilt and responsibility must be transformed,† (Nandrea, 31). What amounts to responsibility of wrongdoing under the refined justice system is not necessarily a direct sense of guilt. Omission and commission both take shape and meaning under the justice system, where everybody ought to look at their actions, to always take part in doing good for the society. Refraining from wrong does not exempt anyone from the responsibility of alleviating or mitigating the loss or suffering sustained by others (32). Representing the case involving the two doctors accused of taking part in the loss of a hemophiliac child is depicted as one of the other loophole of justice, even if the evidence bring the culprit closer to justice mechanism. Achieving justice in such a case, as the author argues cannot bring back to life the dead as occasioned by the acts of omission or commission of others. It therefore implies that while justice aims are reinstating individuals to the state similar to the one before being aggrieved, it is not almost possible (33). As mentioned earlier, it is the function of justice to ensure that the circumstances of the case are interrogated to determine the appropriate intervention for the various cases (34). While punishment may appear to be synonymous with the justice system from a distance, it is also a channel to extend reconciliation, establish truth in uncertainties and allow individuals to feel the act of coming forward to witness as their civil responsibility. Everybody has the responsibility of taking charge of the society and avoid miscarriage of justice through complications evident in the modern society (36).

The politics of cultural stereotyping in Los Vendidos Research Paper

The politics of cultural stereotyping in Los Vendidos - Research Paper Example Los Vendidos talks of a time in California when policies regarding race regularly emphasized the differences between black and white, rather than talking of them as one unified whole. The governorship of Ronald Reagan was a prominent cause for this, as his policies regarding race relations have been widely condemned as racist and one where class plays an important role; with poor African Americans facing the brunt of his policies (Reagan). The reference to Reagan in Los Vendidos, is thus not a passing remark on the part of Valdez. It is an overt critique of Reagan, who was then the Californian governor. Miss Jimenez is a character who has moved beyond the lower class beginnings of the Mexican immigrants that Honest Sancho initially shows her, when she asks for a representative of the Mexican American community for the campaign that Reagan intends to carry out. The story thus points to the degeneration of democratic politics into a system where it becomes merely a system where people of different communities are trapped in the form of vote banks. Valdez pokes fun at this tendency by pointing out the utter lack of agency that such representatives possess within the democratic setup that is thus envisaged. He also highlights the bitter truth of the Mexican American himself/herself choosing to stereotype people of his/her own community. This is exactly what Miss Jimenez seems to be doing (Chabram-Dernersesian, 130-45). She moreover, desires to move out of the stereotype that is forced upon her by the mainstream American society, thereby showing that stereotypes are created both by the mainstream and the marginalized sections of the society. By the end of the play, the three Mexican American men, hitherto thought to be robots, by declaring themselves human, come out of the stereotypes that are created for them by the society. They choose also to remain outside the realm of the stereotypes that Mexican Americans choose to create for themselves by uniting for the caus e of the Mexican community and thereby breaking the boundaries that are created within the Mexican American community by people like Miss Jimenez. Miss Jimenez represents the bourgeoisie who chooses to dissociate herself from her own marginalized community so as to try and be a part of the mainstream society. Her need for disguising herself as a â€Å"white washed Mexican† is something that Valdez chooses to poke fun at (Valdez). The recognition of the need for a collective action on the part of marginalized ethnic groups across the world and the need for a nation to be wary of the bourgeoisie which seeks to stifle any such attempt at revolution is what stays with the reader at the end of the story. The play also seeks to undercut the idea of the United States of America as the melting pot of all cultures, and a place where every culture is accepted, an image that is summed up in the phrase, ‘the American Dream’, which seems to promise immigrants a free society t hat does not discriminate between its citizens on superficial grounds such as race. The idea of an egalitarian America has been undercut by many writers of non-white origin during the twentieth century. This idea, which dates back to the puritanical idea of America as a utopian land was one that was created by its white settlers. The need for creating such a society through revolution and unrest is articulated in this play by the three characters who turn out to be humans and not robots, at the end of the pla

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Psychology - Essay Example These children should be in school instead of working in a brothel and being abused by men and even women who are old enough to be their parents or grandparents. The deeply rooted and widespread sex tourism industry in Thailand is primarily to blame for the trafficking of women and children for the purpose of prostitution (2005 US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report). The boom in the sex tourism industry creates a huge demand for sex workers, which encourages traffickers and even parents to allow their children to take part in the industry. In most cases, the parents are given substantial amount of money as advance payments for the â€Å"labor† of their children in the brothel. The advance payments are then considered as debts which must be paid within a period of time. Since Asian children, particularly those from Thailand believe in honoring the debts of their parents, these young children are forced to work as sex workers to pay off the debts of their parents. (US Department of State Human Rights Report (2005). Throughout the duration of their bondage in the brothel, these young women and children are made to serve as sex slaves and are made to take on as many as nine customers in a day (US Department of State Human Rights Report (2005). Almost all of these women and children who work as sex slaves use drugs to keep them going through the night. For them, they simply do not have any choice but to use drugs to keep their energy up and serve more customers. Young children who are forced to work as sex workers are especially at risk of serious injuries and even death due to the abuse. The use of drugs and continued sexual abuse is inhuman to say the least. Although a lot of people are aware that prostitution in rampant in many Asian countries especially in Thailand, most of these people turn a deaf ear. Why? First of all, these people are not really aware of the extent of the hardships that these women and children

US Supreme Court Decision Essay Example for Free

US Supreme Court Decision Essay An examination of the United States Supreme Court case Romer v. Evans, which was decided on May 20, 1996, is to be put forth in this paper. The case was argued on October 10, 1995. At issue was Amendment 2 to the State Constitution of Colorado â€Å"which precludes all legislative, executive, or judicial action at any level of state or local government designed to protect the status of persons based on their homosexual, lesbian or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices or relationships† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). The U. S. Supreme court held it violates the Equal Protection Clause. The opinion in favor was filed by Justice Kennedy, while the dissenting opinion was filed by Justice Scalia. The referendum, Article II sec 30b of the Colorado Constitution, read as follows: NO PROTECTED STATUS BASED ON HOMOSEXUAL, LESBIAN, OR BISEXUAL ORIENTATION. Neither the State of Colorado, through any of its branches or departments, nor any of its agencies, political subdivisions, municipalities or school districts, shall enact, adopt or enforce any statute, regulation, ordinance or policy whereby homosexual, lesbian or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices, or relationships shall constitute or otherwise be the basis of, or entitle any person or class of persons to have or claim any minority status, quota preferences, protected status or claim of discrimination. This Section of the Constitution shall be in all respects self-executing (Romer v. Evans, 1996). While many believed the law would prevent non-federal discrimination lawsuits based on sexual orientation as well as prevent the passage or the enforcing of existing laws prohibiting such discrimination, Amendment 2’s purpose was â€Å"generally inconsistent with mainstream American values† (Debbage Alexander, pg. 264). The State of Colorado argued the â€Å"measure does no more than deny homosexuals special rights† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). This is a decades old argument that right-wing Christian groups have used â€Å"to appeal to a wider, more secular audience by characterizing the gay rights movement as one aimed at getting special rights and protected status for gays and lesbians incorporated into civil rights law† (Debbage Alexander, pg. 273). Justice Kennedy writes in the opinion in favor, â€Å"The States principal argument that Amendment 2 puts gays and lesbians in the same position as all other persons by denying them special rights is rejected as implausible† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). Justice Kennedy further states how â€Å"Amendment 2 confounds this normal process of judicial review. It is at once too narrow and too broad. It identifies persons by a single trait and then denies them protection across the board† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). The final paragraph of Justice Kennedy’s opinion declares: â€Å"We must conclude that Amendment 2 classifies homosexuals not to further a proper legislative end but to make them unequal to everyone else. This Colorado cannot do. A State cannot so deem a class of persons a stranger to its laws. Amendment 2 violates the Equal Protection Clause, and the judgment of the Supreme Court of Colorado is affirmed† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). While Justice Scalia writes in his dissenting opinion, Amendment 2 is a â€Å"modest attempt by seemingly tolerant Coloradans to preserve traditional sexual mores against the efforts of a politically powerful minority to revise those mores through the use of the laws† (Romer v. Evans, 1995). While Justice Scalia has the right to his own personal beliefs regarding homosexuality and its validity as a protected class, many others do not share them. As Richard Mohr observes in Romer v. Evans: A Blow for Justice, â€Å"All or nearly all legal burdens on gays appeal directly or indirectly to prejudice†. His article goes on to describe how in 1996 this ruling should affect two major gay issues: gays in the military and gay marriage. When opponents cannot give logical reasons for their opposition it presupposes â€Å"strongly held beliefs for which one can offer no reasons or explanations are by definition prejudicial ones† (Mohr, para. 5). With the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, Romer v. Evans â€Å"marked an immensely important day for the gay rights movement and a major setback for anti-gay rights activists of all persuasions† according to Sharon Debbage Alexander’s article in the Winter 2002 issue of Texas Forum on Civil Liberties Civil Rights. Furthermore, this case has become one of the most significant decisions issued by the U.S. Supreme Court in regards to gay rights. The majority of those who have analyzed Romer v. Evans purport the â€Å"fact that the case was won using a rational basis test adds to the strength of the decision for gay rights† (Debbage Alexander, pg. 297). Since the decision of Romer v. Evans, President Barack Obama has overturned the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy within our Armed Forces and gay marriage is currently under consideration in two cases that have been heard at the U.S. Supreme Court. After winning Boy Scouts of America v. Dale in 2000 protecting the groups First Amendment expressive association rights, recently the governing body of the Boy Scouts of America voted to allow openly gay scouts within its membership, but not as Scout Leaders. The important issue of gay rights in America has finally reached the forefront of public policy and debate. As in Romer v. Evans, I hope that the United States Supreme Court will rule against the State of California’s Proposition 8 and DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, to find both laws unconstitutional. In so far as to bring equality for all to these United States of America.

Seinfeld :: essays research papers

Seinfeld It was a warm September Thursday night in 1991. I was engaged in my favorite past time of "channel surfing" when a light appeared at the end of the tunnel. Displayed on my favorite, "20 inch friend", (also known as my usual Saturday night date), appeared a remarkable treasure. There before my eyes was a sitcom called Seinfeld. From that moment on I was astounded to find that not even great sitcom's such as my beloved Mash and I Love Lucy were as captivating or enthralling. There is only one show that could have started Must See TV, only one show that could be the anchor for new sitcoms year after year while continuing to hold it's position of number one in the rating wars, only one sitcom is this grand, this superior, and this notable, Seinfeld. The zenith of television sitcoms. Season after season, Seinfeld has provided non-stop laughing, excellent acting and original scripts mirroring real life. One of the major factors contributing to the overwhelming success of the show is its cast of unstererotypical characters. The main characters refereed to as the "Fab Four", consist of Jerry Seinfeld, Elaine Benes, George Costanza and Cosmo Kramer. Jerry Seinfeld, known by his own name on the program, is the central figure of the sitcom and the catalyst for almost everything that happens. He is involved in the antics revolving around Kramer, George and Elaine. On one episode George, Kramer and Jerry are spying on the naked lady across the street all day to see who can win a bet. The twist at the end of the show is when we see George and Jerry peering through the window and gasping, " Is that Kramer in her apartment? Wow he is naked!" Another episode involves Jerry who is mistaken for a Nazi leader arriving in town to speak at a meeting. He continues the charade in order to secure a limousine ride home after the frustration of his own ride not being there to pick him up. As the main character, he is most often the straight man allowing the other characters to play off of him. One of his common lines is, "wait a minute here, you mean to tell me-----", then recapping the situation, action or blunder the other character was involved in. This in turn allows the supporting actor or actress to verbally and almost always physically respond with exaggerated gestures and eye movements. Jerry reflects the single male, quasi yuppie, New Yorker, with the bicycle hanging in the apartment, the security system to "buzz" guests in, and the 12 boxes of cereal

Develop positive relationships Essay

Learning Outcome 1 : Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people. 1.1. . Explain why positive relationships with children and young people are important and how these are built and maintained. Developing a positive relationships with children and young people is extremely important as it could impact hugely on their learning, development confidence and skills learnt as they grow. Nurseries and schools have allocated key workers assigned to develop a bond, care for the childs welfare and liaise closely with parents of the child. Children and young people thrive in all stages of learning and development if a positive relationships are in place and maintained. Children and young people need to feel comfortable with the people around them and one another. This will build confidence and encourage them to try new areas of learning at every stage of their development. If relationships between parents, care providers are positive the child will feel secure and can easily separate from parents when needed. Children are more likely to want to participate and enjoy activities if the feel happy and safe in their environment. Positive relationships also alleviate to some degree negative/unwanted behavior, as caregivers are more likely to recognise the initial signs and meet the child’s needs prior to any adverse behavior. Verbal communication between child and adult will also help the child develop language skills and the confidence to express themselves. Practitioners/care providers should try to recognise a child’s needs by their emotions/facial expressions. Knowing the child well – their interests/likes and dislikes will enable the practitioner to responding to its needs and emotions, plan for the child’s future developmental needs and build strong positive relationships. 1.2. . Demonstrate how to listen to and build relationships with children and young people. When building relationships with children we first need to get to know them – how they like to communicate – this may be through facial expressions, body language and gestures especially in the very young. They need to feel  confident and secure within that relationship. When trying to build relationships practitioners need to be consistent and fair – listening to the child and understanding the message they are trying to portray. Children need to know their feelings are important and their needs will be taken into consideration. Practitioners should ensure that their own emotions/feelings (having a bad day/quite and withdrawn) are not transferred on to the child. Building good relationships with parents is important as they too need to feel that they and their children are being treated fairly within the setting and that everything that can be done is being done to assist their child. Being able to identify and sort out conflicts and disagreements fairly and calmly will develop trust between adult and child and will teach the child how to respond to future disagreements with other children. Respect and courtesy should be shown to children and young people at all times to that they may in turn learn how to develop these skills when interacting with others. Practitioners can being to teach children from a very young age how to respect other people (feelings and emotions)/their belongings/teach good manners and how to act in an appropriate way. If children are spoken to warmly, encouraged and shown respect they will in turn develop these skills for themselves. Valuing and respecting individuality will help children to develop their own strengths, talents and attitudes and be accepting of another childs individuality. Allowing children to explore their individuality will show that we respect and are comfortable with their differences and encourage them to try new activities/skills which they may also enjoy. Show that we all accept and encourage individuality in people. To feel secure children need to know that they can rely on their care providers. We should therefore honor all promises and commitments made. Forgetting a promise or changing our mind may cause a child to distrust or become wary of adults. They may feel let down or disappointed. Keeping a check on the way we interact with young people, monitoring their reactions to us will indicate if we need to change our approach or way of teaching. Some children are sensitive, some outspoken and confident etc. Once we know the child we should then adapt our approach accordingly. Maintaining confidentially is extremely important when working with children and young people. Children need to know that they are valued and respected and that if they have worries or concerns they can talk with an adult confidentially. However, circumstances where abuse/neglect have taken place or are suspected, care providers have a duty to report the situation to the appropriate person thereby protecting the child. Documents/reports should be kept locked away. Permission should be sought prior to photographs/information being shared. Personal information regarding a child or young person should not be discussed /given out unless requested by professionals or appropriate authorities. Parents also need to feel that their information or conversations will be treated with respect and confidentiality. Consideration should be given to how care providers speak and give direction to children and young people. Responses should be appropriately given so the child does not feel intimidated or ordered. Children should always feel protected and secure in their environment. 1.3. . Evaluate own effectiveness in building relationships with children or young people. I believe I am able to build positive relationships with children and young people. With younger children, having a calm and gentle manor, making eye contact (at the childs level), expressing concern when needed will begin to form a positive relationships. When possible new children arriving at my setting are offered one to one time so that a strong initial relationship can begin to develop. Spending time with them alone, showing an interest in their skills/activities, encouraging and playing with them whilst trying to form a special bond with the child will help them to see me as a person  they can trust and someone who cares about them. Babies need physical contact to build a relationship – cuddling and talking gently to will reassure and settle . Babies will often cry as they need to be comforted, others may need some kind of interaction for a while. Getting to know the baby, understanding its body language and responding to its needs will help form and build a trusting r elationship. With older children I believe taking an interest in their abilities and skills, talking about their hobbies, listening to them, praising and giving encouragement, showing approval enables me to build strong relationships. Learning Outcome 2 : Be able to build positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people. 2.1. . Explain why positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people are important. Positive relationships are important because personal information has to be shared regarding the childs education and well-being. Good communication is essential to allow various carers/agenices/schools etc to communicate and pass on accurate information. It allows a childs care to be consistent, identifies needs, monitors the childs progress and ideas and skills can be shared regarding the child. It also shows the parent that professionals and carers alike are all working towards the development and well being of their child. 2.2. . Demonstrate how to build positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people. To ensure that positive relationships are maintained all parties concerned regarding the development and needs of a child should be invited to comment, offer advice, make suggestions and pass on information to plan for the immediate and future needs of the child. There are various ways that all parties who have an interest in the child can be kept in the loop – on-line communication, meetings , telephone, written reports etc. Sharing and  recording information is fundamental to a childs progress and to ensure all needs are met. Parents hold valuable information regarding their child so should be kept informed of decisions made regarding their childs emotional and educational development. – their opinion sought and be allowed to contribute in the decision process. Parents should be invited along to meetings, regularly updated and be given the opportunity to talk with all parties involved in their childs welfare. Confidentiality should be remembered at all times.

China and WTO Essay

Since 2001 the world has witnessed a rapid growth of China in terms of its economy. With the goods having a â€Å"Made in China† label becoming a frequent part of our lives, China paves its way ever on the road to success. The credit to such a boom in the country’s trade (peculiarly exports) goes to one key factor: Globalization. Cognizant of the World Trade Organization’s potential to let China fully practice Globalization, right after its membership of WTO China marked an instance of global significance. Today with the steps of China gradually turning the uni-polar world into a bi-polar one, the analysts of global trade and economy predict China to soon supplant the United States, wholly on the basis of its tenacious economic stand. Initially, this paper attempts to develop a comprehension of rudimentary concepts pertaining to the World Trade Organization, Globalization and China. The paper further elucidates the major argument by a conscientious analysis of China’s practice of Globalization, accession to WTO, different attitudes about a Globalized China and impacts of its WTO membership not only on the country itself but also on the whole world. Introduction: It is a datum of experience that in the scene of modern existence globalization has emerged as an inevitable process. With its instruments like the World Trade Organization, Globalization has profoundly penetrated into the roots of the modern economic system thereby affecting different nations differently. With WTO and economic globalization being in vogue in the business world, what remains the topic of a controversial debate is the entrance of China into WTO. Previously a member with average participation in the international trade, China has established itself as one of the top most economies of the contemporary world immediately after signing the agreement with WTO in the year 2001. As the concerned year marked a celebration for China, it also proved as a sinister for many other nations that had been dominating the international trade before China’s formal stepping into it. With a multifaceted nature of China’s WTO membership, there remain a number of ambiguities in terms of its corollaries on the world and the country itself. Globalization: Before laying the foundation of the paper’s major argument, it is mandatory to comprehend the concept of globalization. â€Å"Globalization is what happens when the movement of people, goods, or ideas among countries and regions accelerates. † In the contemporary world, all the aspects of life are touched by the ravishing presence of globalization. Once comprehended as a mere economic phenomenon involving the flow of goods and services across borders, the term has transcended to reach the exchange of language, culture and relationships among nations† . According to Suarez in ‘Globalization: Culture and Education in the New Millennium’, the commencement and proliferation of globalization coalesces a series of cycles. Of them, the first cycle began in 1492 ending in the early seventeenth century whereas the second cycle embarked in the late seventeenth century. Globalization is often reckoned as an elusive concept keeping under consideration its dual prospects. This multi faceted view is clear in every aspect of globalization. For instance, international organizations like WHO, UNESCO and UNDP are trying to ameliorate the standard of life across the globe by attempts for eliminating poverty, improving health conditions and providing job opportunities etc. Such steps on the part of globalization provide its positive picture attempting to elevate the nations. On the other hand, the instruments of globalization like multinational companies are exploiting the world labour and have become a major source of collapse of many domestic businesses. Wal-Mart is one of the many examples in this concern. Not only feared by the smaller businesses of Non American countries, the domestic investors suffer the same threat. According to an interview (documented in the article ‘Rediscovering Uncle Sam’ of the book ‘Ambassadors of Peace) with the Mayor of Chestertown, Margo G. Bailey told how she has been fighting the Wal-Mart from entering into the small city of Chestertown for almost a decade because the invasion of Wal-Mart would mean a fiasco for the owners of the small businesses in the locality. This means that if globalization is elevating humans, it is equally abusing them. With the ascending power of globalization in the contemporary world, what becomes the reason of its achievement is three facts. First is the globalization’s role in the amelioration of technology. Twenty first century is considered as the hey day of science, technology and telecommunication. The second reason is the provision of integration of people across borders to get acquainted with the foreign cultures. This has specially marked a boom in tourism industry. Thirdly, the concept of free trade as advocated by globalization has increased the capital flow between nations who are now more interested in global trade without being interfered by the state government. Of many forces of globalization, World Trade Organization is considered its key instrument. World Trade Organization: Formed in 1995, World Trade Organization stands as the only hegemonic power ruling the trade in the international business market. WTO started to informally supplant General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that had been carrying on the same function in the global market since 1947. The working of WTO is based key principles which are available in the form of its written documentation covering almost every kind of activity happening in the international trade. One of these principles is to equally treat all the participating nations in the business market. This means that any policy framed by WTO would be implemented on all the nations alike irrespective of their status in the global market. Another principle of WTO advocates Free Trade which means the elimination of trade barriers like tariffs, regulation or other such measures of protectionism imposed by the government thereby impeding the process of liberal trade or smooth flow of goods and services among the nations. WTO also makes sure the transparency of trade policies by making all the nations cognizant of them through their 2300 paged of agreements providing every term in black and white. In the similar way, the negotiations regarding the policy matters are not made surreptitious thereby making the adjustments open to all the other members too. With a seemingly stringent frame of law, WTO also believes in providing flexibility to the developing countries in order to make their positive contribution possible in the competitive market. According to Article III of ‘Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization’ WTO is responsible for five major functions. These responsibilities involve, 1. Implementation, administration and operation of Multilateral, Plurilateral and its own trade agreements. 2. Providing a platform of negotiations between different member nations regarding their trade policies and agreements. It also assists them in implementing the decided policies. 3. Settling the disputes among the member nations. The nature of such disputes is generally trade-policy based where the WTO serves as an arbiter between the conflicting nations. 4. Facilitating and training the weaker members in order to create a balance in the global economy. For achieving the desired goal, WTO co-operates with World Bank and International Monitory Fund. 5. Monitoring the trade policies that have been implemented and to make possible the aspect of transparency in these policies. China in the contemporary world: It was about two hundred years ago that China was he ruling power of global economy. After years of a sleeping giant, China has rapidly raised its status in the global community in the wake of the last decade. This aggrandizing significance is specially marked in the growing performance of the country in terms of its annual economic performance. This is clear by analyzing the performance of China’s ship building industry. Considered as a poor quality manufacturer around 1980s, it has grown into a ‘bona fide’ world industry today. As a result of this boom in the economy, millions of Chinese previously living at the bottom line of poverty enjoy better standards of life today. For the very reason World Bank believes that â€Å"China achieved the fastest doubling of economic output ever from 1978 to 1987, far outpacing both early industrializers (e. g. , United Kingdom, United States, and Japan) and late industrializers (e. g. , Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan) alike. It then repeated the feat from 1987–1996† and looks like continuing the same pace in the future to come. To restate, as a result of globalizing process China has doubled the per capita income for three times after 1978. Of the over all augmenting profits, China’s major gains also lie in its textile industry. Reviewing China’s consistent rise for the past many years, many analysts proscribe China most likely to supplant the position of the U. S. by becoming the most powerful economy of the world around 2050 as the former has already caught the high brow of the world. While talking to China Daily, Long Yongtu, China’s former WTO chief negotiator said, â€Å"Because China’s economy is more open, and China’s economic size is much bigger, the world is more sensitive to what’s happening in China. I think in that way China is really changing the world. â€Å"